ADHD Medication Database
A comprehensive reference of 30 FDA-approved ADHD medications, including stimulants and non-stimulants. Browse by category, search by name, and learn about dosing, side effects, and more.
Important Medical Disclaimer
This medication information is provided for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as, and should not be used as, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider before starting, stopping, or changing any medication. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of information found on this website. The medication data presented here may not reflect the most current research or FDA labeling. Drug information is subject to change. Individual responses to medications vary, and what works for one person may not be appropriate for another.
Stimulants: Methylphenidate-based
Methylphenidate-based medications work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. They are among the most commonly prescribed ADHD treatments.
Ritalin
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Before or with meals; last dose before 6 PM to avoid insomnia
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into presynaptic neurons, increasing their availability in the synaptic cleft.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
- • Long-term growth suppression in children
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
- • Motor tics or family history of Tourette syndrome (relative)
One of the oldest ADHD medications; well-studied safety profile.
Methylin
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Chewable Tablet, Oral Solution
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Before or with meals; last dose before 6 PM
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into presynaptic neurons, increasing their availability in the synaptic cleft.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Available as chewable tablet and oral solution; useful for patients who cannot swallow pills.
Focalin
dexmethylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
With or without food; doses at least 4 hours apart
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
The d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate. Blocks norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake with higher potency than racemic methylphenidate.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to dexmethylphenidate or methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Contains only the pharmacologically active d-isomer; dosed at half the racemic methylphenidate dose.
Concerta
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; swallow whole, do not crush or chew
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Uses OROS osmotic-controlled release system for ascending drug delivery throughout the day.
Release System
OROS (Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • GI obstruction risk with pre-existing GI narrowing
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
- • Pre-existing severe GI narrowing
Tablet shell is non-absorbable and may appear in stool. Do not crush due to OROS delivery system.
Ritalin LA
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; capsules may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Uses bimodal bead system releasing 50% immediately and 50% approximately 4 hours later.
Release System
Bimodal bead system (SODAS - Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Capsule can be opened and beads sprinkled on soft food for patients who cannot swallow whole capsules.
Metadate CD
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, before breakfast; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Uses bimodal bead system releasing 30% immediately and 70% over an extended period.
Release System
Diffucaps bimodal bead system (30% IR / 70% ER)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Focalin XR
dexmethylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
The d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate in extended-release form. Bimodal bead system releasing 50% immediately and 50% delayed.
Release System
Bimodal bead system (50% IR / 50% delayed release)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to dexmethylphenidate or methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Dosed at half the racemic methylphenidate dose for ER formulations.
Aptensio XR
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Uses multilayer bead system releasing 40% immediately and 60% extended.
Release System
Multilayer bead system (40% IR / 60% ER)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Adhansia XR
methylphenidate HCl
View details
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Uses multilayer extended-release bead system with initial rapid release followed by sustained delivery.
Release System
Multilayer extended-release bead system (MLR)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
One of the longest-acting methylphenidate formulations, with up to 16 hours of coverage.
Quillivant XR
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Oral Suspension
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; shake well before use
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Extended-release liquid suspension allowing precise dose titration.
Release System
Extended-release oral suspension (LiquiXR)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
First extended-release liquid methylphenidate; useful for patients who cannot swallow pills.
QuilliChew ER
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Chewable Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; must be chewed before swallowing
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Extended-release chewable tablet formulation.
Release System
Extended-release chewable tablet
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Extended-release chewable option for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules.
Cotempla XR-ODT
methylphenidate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
ODT
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; place on tongue and allow to disintegrate
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Extended-release orally disintegrating tablet.
Release System
XR-ODT (extended-release orally disintegrating tablet)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Dissolves on the tongue without water; approved for ages 6-17 only.
Jornay PM
methylphenidate HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Evening, between 6:30 PM and 9:30 PM; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Delayed-release and extended-release formulation taken at bedtime with therapeutic effect beginning the next morning.
Release System
DR/ER (delayed-release and extended-release) bead system
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Unique evening dosing provides symptom control upon waking, addressing difficult morning routines. Particularly helpful for patients who struggle with morning function.
Azstarys
serdexmethylphenidate / dexmethylphenidate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Combination of serdexmethylphenidate (a prodrug of dexmethylphenidate) and immediate-release dexmethylphenidate. The prodrug component is converted to active dexmethylphenidate in the GI tract, providing extended duration.
Release System
Prodrug technology (serdexmethylphenidate converted to dexmethylphenidate)
Active Metabolite
dexmethylphenidate
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing cardiac abnormalities
- • Potential for abuse and dependence (though prodrug design may reduce abuse potential)
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to dexmethylphenidate, methylphenidate, or serdexmethylphenidate
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Glaucoma
Contains a prodrug component (serdexmethylphenidate) designed to be converted in the GI tract, potentially reducing abuse liability compared to traditional formulations.
Stimulants: Amphetamine-based
Amphetamine-based medications promote the release and inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. They have a slightly different mechanism than methylphenidate.
Adderall
mixed amphetamine salts
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
First dose upon waking; avoid late afternoon/evening doses to prevent insomnia
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy
How It Works
A mixture of 75% dextroamphetamine and 25% levoamphetamine salts. Promotes release of norepinephrine and dopamine from presynaptic nerve terminals and inhibits their reuptake.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania, aggression
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
- • Long-term growth suppression in children
- • Serotonin syndrome risk with concomitant serotonergic agents
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
- • History of drug abuse
Contains a mixture of amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate.
Evekeo
amphetamine sulfate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
First dose upon waking; avoid late afternoon/evening doses
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy, Exogenous obesity
How It Works
A 50/50 racemic mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine sulfate. Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Unlike Adderall, contains a 1:1 ratio of d- and l-amphetamine. May have a slightly different side-effect profile due to the higher proportion of levoamphetamine.
Dexedrine
dextroamphetamine sulfate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
First dose upon waking; avoid late afternoon/evening doses
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy
How It Works
Pure dextroamphetamine; the more pharmacologically active enantiomer of amphetamine. Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Zenzedi
dextroamphetamine sulfate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
First dose upon waking; avoid late afternoon/evening doses
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy
How It Works
Pure dextroamphetamine. Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Offers a wider range of strengths than generic dextroamphetamine, allowing finer dose titration.
Adderall XR
mixed amphetamine salts
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning upon waking; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Extended-release formulation of 75% dextroamphetamine / 25% levoamphetamine salts. Bimodal bead system releases 50% immediately and 50% approximately 4 hours later.
Release System
Bimodal bead system (50% IR / 50% delayed release)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
- • Long-term growth suppression in children
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
One of the most commonly prescribed extended-release amphetamine formulations. Capsule may be opened and sprinkled on food.
Vyvanse
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule, Chewable Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; capsule may be opened and dissolved in water
Approved Indications
ADHD, Binge eating disorder (adults)
How It Works
A prodrug of dextroamphetamine. Lisdexamfetamine is enzymatically converted to active d-amphetamine in the bloodstream after oral absorption, providing a smoother, more gradual onset.
Release System
Prodrug technology (enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine)
Active Metabolite
d-amphetamine
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • Potential for abuse and dependence (prodrug design may reduce abuse liability)
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
- • Serotonin syndrome risk with concomitant serotonergic agents
- • Long-term growth suppression in children
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products or lisdexamfetamine
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
First FDA-approved prodrug stimulant. Prodrug design provides smoother pharmacokinetic profile and may reduce potential for abuse. Also approved for binge eating disorder in adults.
Mydayis
mixed amphetamine salts
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning upon waking; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Triple-bead extended-release formulation of mixed amphetamine salts (75% d-amphetamine / 25% l-amphetamine). Three distinct release phases provide up to 16 hours of coverage.
Release System
Triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (3 release phases)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Longest-acting mixed amphetamine salt formulation. Designed for patients who need symptom coverage throughout a longer day (e.g., evening homework, after-school activities). Approved for ages 13+.
Dexedrine Spansule
dextroamphetamine sulfate
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; swallow whole
Approved Indications
ADHD, Narcolepsy
How It Works
Extended-release formulation of pure dextroamphetamine. Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Release System
Spansule sustained-release capsule
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
One of the earlier extended-release amphetamine formulations.
Dyanavel XR
amphetamine
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Oral Suspension
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; shake well before use
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Extended-release liquid suspension of amphetamine (3.2:1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine). Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Release System
Extended-release oral suspension
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Liquid formulation allows flexible dosing in 1 mg increments. Useful for patients who cannot swallow pills.
Adzenys XR-ODT
amphetamine
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
ODT
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning; place on tongue and allow to disintegrate without water
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Extended-release orally disintegrating tablet containing amphetamine (3.2:1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine). Promotes release and inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Release System
XR-ODT (extended-release orally disintegrating tablet)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
Dissolves on tongue without water. Bioequivalent to Adderall XR at corresponding strengths.
Xelstrym
dextroamphetamine
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Patch
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Apply to hip 2 hours before effect is needed; wear for 9 hours, then remove
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Transdermal delivery of dextroamphetamine through the skin, providing continuous absorption and steady plasma levels over the wear period.
Release System
Transdermal patch (9-hour wear period)
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Cardiovascular risk: sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported
- • High potential for abuse and dependence
- • Psychiatric adverse events: new or worsening psychosis, mania
- • Peripheral vasculopathy including Raynaud phenomenon
- • Contact sensitization: discontinue if sensitization occurs
- • External heat may increase absorption
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Advanced arteriosclerosis
- • Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
- • Moderate to severe hypertension
- • Hyperthyroidism
- • Glaucoma
- • Agitated states
First and only dextroamphetamine transdermal patch. Bypasses first-pass metabolism. Flexible wear-time allows dose adjustment by removing patch earlier. Avoid exposing patch to external heat sources.
Non-Stimulants
Non-stimulant medications offer alternatives for patients who cannot tolerate stimulants, have substance abuse concerns, or prefer a non-controlled option. They generally take longer to reach full effect.
Strattera
atomoxetine HCl
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning or evening; may take with or without food. Can be split into morning and late afternoon doses if side effects occur.
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Blocks the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter, increasing norepinephrine availability in the prefrontal cortex. Unlike stimulants, does not primarily affect dopamine in the reward pathway.
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • BLACK BOX WARNING: Increased risk of suicidal ideation in children and adolescents. Close monitoring required, especially during initial treatment and dose changes.
- • Severe liver injury: rare but serious hepatotoxicity reported. Discontinue if jaundice or laboratory evidence of liver injury develops.
- • Cardiovascular effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure. Use caution in patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease.
- • Serious allergic reactions including angioedema and urticaria
- • Psychiatric effects: new or worsening psychosis, mania, aggression, hostility
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to atomoxetine
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Narrow-angle glaucoma
- • Pheochromocytoma or history of pheochromocytoma
- • Severe cardiovascular disorders
First non-stimulant FDA-approved for ADHD. Provides 24-hour symptom coverage. Takes 2-4 weeks for full effect. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers may need lower doses due to higher plasma levels. Good option for patients with substance abuse concerns or those who cannot tolerate stimulants.
Qelbree
viloxazine
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Capsule
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17), Adults (18+)
Dosing Timing
Morning, with or without food; capsule may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with serotonin receptor modulating activity (5-HT2B agonist, 5-HT2C antagonist, 5-HT7 antagonist). The precise mechanism in ADHD is not fully established.
Release System
Extended-release capsule
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Suicidal ideation and behavior: monitor for emergence of suicidal thoughts, especially in children and young adults
- • Cardiovascular effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure
- • Psychiatric effects: new or worsening anxiety, agitation, mania, psychosis
- • Activation of mania or hypomania
- • Serotonergic drug interactions: risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic agents
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to viloxazine
- • Concurrent use of MAOIs or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOIs
- • Concurrent use with sensitive CYP1A2 substrates or CYP1A2 substrates with a narrow therapeutic range
First new non-stimulant ADHD medication approved in over a decade (2021 for children; 2022 expanded to adults). Originally developed as an antidepressant in Europe. Strong CYP1A2 inhibitor; dose adjustments may be needed for concomitant medications metabolized by CYP1A2.
Intuniv
guanfacine
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Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17)
Dosing Timing
Morning or evening; do not take with high-fat meals (increases absorption). Swallow whole; do not crush, chew, or break.
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Selective alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist. Enhances prefrontal cortex function by strengthening working memory networks, improving signal-to-noise ratio for neural signaling. Unlike non-selective alpha-2 agonists, has higher selectivity for the alpha-2A receptor subtype.
Release System
Extended-release tablet
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Hypotension and bradycardia: monitor blood pressure and heart rate, especially during dose adjustments
- • Sedation and somnolence: most common during initial treatment; caution with CNS depressants
- • Do NOT discontinue abruptly: taper dose by no more than 1 mg every 3-7 days to avoid rebound hypertension
- • Syncope: may occur, especially with dehydration or concomitant antihypertensives
- • Cardiac conduction abnormalities: use caution in patients with heart block
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to guanfacine
FDA-approved as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to stimulants for pediatric ADHD (ages 6-17). The immediate-release formulation (Tenex) is FDA-approved only for hypertension. Can be particularly helpful for hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation components of ADHD. Must not be stopped abruptly.
Kapvay
clonidine HCl
View details
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17)
Dosing Timing
Morning and bedtime; equal or higher dose at bedtime. Swallow whole; do not crush, cut, or chew.
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Non-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem, reducing sympathetic outflow. In ADHD, thought to modulate prefrontal cortex function, though the exact mechanism is not fully established.
Release System
Extended-release tablet
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Hypotension and bradycardia: monitor blood pressure and heart rate
- • Sedation and somnolence: most pronounced during initial treatment
- • Do NOT discontinue abruptly: taper dose in decrements of 0.1 mg every 3-7 days to avoid rebound hypertension, tachycardia, agitation
- • Cardiac conduction abnormalities: use caution with cardiac disease or concomitant drugs that affect heart rate
- • Renal impairment: dose adjustment may be needed
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to clonidine
FDA-approved as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to stimulants for pediatric ADHD (ages 6-17). Less selective for alpha-2A receptors than guanfacine; may cause more sedation. The bedtime dose can help with sleep difficulties common in ADHD. Must not be stopped abruptly.
Onyda XR
clonidine HCl
View details
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Oral Suspension
Approved Ages
Children (6-12), Adolescents (13-17)
Dosing Timing
Morning and bedtime; shake well before use
Approved Indications
ADHD
How It Works
Non-selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist in an extended-release oral suspension. Same mechanism as Kapvay: stimulates alpha-2 receptors to modulate sympathetic outflow and prefrontal cortex function.
Release System
Extended-release oral suspension
Common Side Effects
Serious Warnings
- • Hypotension and bradycardia: monitor blood pressure and heart rate
- • Sedation and somnolence: most pronounced during initial treatment
- • Do NOT discontinue abruptly: taper to avoid rebound hypertension
- • Cardiac conduction abnormalities: use caution with cardiac disease
Contraindications
- • Known hypersensitivity to clonidine
First liquid non-stimulant ADHD medication. Provides an option for patients who cannot swallow tablets. Approved for ages 6-17 as monotherapy or adjunctive to stimulants.
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Side effects listed are not exhaustive. Not everyone will experience these side effects. Report any new or worsening symptoms to your healthcare provider immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between stimulant and non-stimulant ADHD medications?
Stimulant medications (methylphenidate and amphetamine-based) increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels and are considered first-line treatments for ADHD. They work quickly, often within 30-60 minutes.
Non-stimulant medications work through different mechanisms and typically take several weeks to reach full effect. They may be preferred when stimulants cause side effects, for patients with substance abuse history, or when a non-controlled option is desired.
What is the difference between immediate-release and extended-release?
Immediate-release (IR) medications work quickly but wear off in 3-6 hours, requiring multiple doses per day. Extended-release (ER/XR) medications use special delivery systems to release the drug gradually throughout the day, typically lasting 8-16 hours with a single dose.
Extended-release formulations offer more consistent symptom control and better adherence since you only need to take them once daily.
Are ADHD medications addictive?
Stimulant ADHD medications are DEA Schedule II controlled substances with potential for abuse and dependence. However, when taken as prescribed under medical supervision, the risk of addiction is low.
Research suggests that treating ADHD with medication may actually reduce the risk of substance abuse. Non-stimulant medications have little to no abuse potential.
How do I know which ADHD medication is right for me?
The best ADHD medication varies by individual and depends on factors like symptom severity, co-existing conditions, lifestyle, side effect tolerance, and personal preference.
A healthcare provider will typically start with a first-line medication at a low dose and adjust based on response. Finding the right medication and dose often requires patience and close communication with your doctor.
What are the most common side effects?
Common side effects of stimulant ADHD medications include decreased appetite, insomnia, headache, dry mouth, increased heart rate, and nervousness.
Non-stimulant medications may cause drowsiness, upset stomach, decreased appetite, and mood changes. Most side effects are mild and may diminish over time. Always discuss side effects with your healthcare provider.
Can adults take ADHD medication?
Yes. Many ADHD medications are FDA-approved for adults, and medication can be highly effective for adult ADHD.
Adults may need different dosing than children, and their healthcare provider will consider factors like cardiovascular health, other medications, and lifestyle when choosing a treatment.
Open ADHD is a community educational resource. We are not healthcare providers. The information on this site is gathered from FDA prescribing information, peer-reviewed research, and clinical guidelines, but it may not be complete or current.
Medication comparisons are provided for informational purposes only. The best medication choice depends on individual factors that only your healthcare provider can evaluate.